Anatomy And Physiology

a. Long bones: elongated shape, not necessarily in size -shaft with heads at both ends -primarily compact bone -contains spongy bone in its interior b. Short bones: cube-like -thin outer surface is compact bone -composed mostly of spongy bone -bones of wrist and ankle -sesamoid bones such as the patella: attach to tendons c. Flat bones: thin, flat, and usually curved -thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone -sternum, ribs, and skull bones d. Irregular bones: bones that don't fit into categories -examples: vertebra and hip bones -mostly spongy bone with thin outer layers of compact bone

There are two main divisions in the skeleton, axial and appendicular. Axial: The  axial skeleton  consists of bones that form the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. -The Skull -Paranasal Sinuses -Hyoid Bone -Fetal Skull -Vertebral Column -Bony Thorax: sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae Appendicular: The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that form the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. -Upper limbs: Humerus, Ulna, Radius -Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges -Lower Limb: Femur, Tibia, Fibula -Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, phalanges Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle, Scapula

Classification of Joints: Synarthroses: immovable joints, joined by fibrous tissue, no cavity is present            Example: Suture joints of the skull Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable, joined by cartilage, no cavity is present            Example:  Symphysis pubis Diathroses: freely movable joints, most joints in the body, aka synovial joints Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket: The joint moves 360 degrees (examples: hip and shoulder) Gliding: one bone moves while the other one stays still (examples: tarsals, carpals, vertebra) Pivot: rotational movement (examples: Atlas to Axis) Saddle: allow angular movement of bone but greater movement than condylar (example: thumb) Hinge:  moves like a door hinge (examples: knee, elbow, phalanges) Condylar: allow angular movement between two axes (example: fingers)