Anatomy And Physiology

a. Long bones: elongated shape, not necessarily in size -shaft with heads at both ends -primarily compact bone -contains spongy bone in its interior b. Short bones: cube-like -thin outer surface is compact bone -composed mostly of spongy bone -bones of wrist and ankle -sesamoid bones such as the patella: attach to tendons c. Flat bones: thin, flat, and usually curved -thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone -sternum, ribs, and skull bones d. Irregular bones: bones that don't fit into categories -examples: vertebra and hip bones -mostly spongy bone with thin outer layers of compact bone

There are two main divisions in the skeleton, axial and appendicular. Axial: The  axial skeleton  consists of bones that form the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. -The Skull -Paranasal Sinuses -Hyoid Bone -Fetal Skull -Vertebral Column -Bony Thorax: sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae Appendicular: The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that form the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. -Upper limbs: Humerus, Ulna, Radius -Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges -Lower Limb: Femur, Tibia, Fibula -Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, phalanges Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle, Scapula

Classification of Joints: Synarthroses: immovable joints, joined by fibrous tissue, no cavity is present            Example: Suture joints of the skull Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable, joined by cartilage, no cavity is present            Example:  Symphysis pubis Diathroses: freely movable joints, most joints in the body, aka synovial joints Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket: The joint moves 360 degrees (examples: hip and shoulder) Gliding: one bone moves while the other one stays still (examples: tarsals, carpals, vertebra) Pivot: rotational movement (examples: Atlas to Axis) Saddle: allow angular movement of bone but greater movement than condylar (example: thumb) Hinge:  moves like a door hinge (examples: knee, elbow, phalanges) Condylar: allow angular movement between two axes (example: fingers)

Definition of ossification: "The process of creating bone, that is transforming cartilage (or fibrous tissue) into bone". When a child is born, a portion of their body is hyaline cartilage (relatively soft). Over time, this cartilage turns into hard bone. Bone formation is started by the activity of osteoblasts, which are bone forming cells that secrete collagen and other materials to make the bone. Bone formation process: - formation of the bone in embryo and fetus -growth during infancy childhood - remodeling of bone -repair of fracture

The skeletal system has 5 major functions: support the structure of the body allow mobility with help of attached muscles protect internal organs  produce red blood cells (hematopoiesis) storage of minerals (mainly calcium and phosphorus)